Invisible Hand and Market Equilibrium Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Invisible Hand and Market Equilibrium - Article Example The reason why some long-run average cost curves are steeper on the downside is due to economies of scale. Larger firms try to maximize production output, so the curve would be more positive and steeper than normal. The average fixed cost curve would fall as a larger firm could produce more output. Overall, this would reduce the average fixed cost per unit. The reason why some long-run average cost curves are steeper on the downside is due to economies of scale. Larger firms try to maximize production output, so the curve would be more positive and steeper than normal. The average fixed cost curve would fall as a larger firm could produce more output. Overall, this would reduce the average fixed cost per unit. 5. Explain the relationship between average fixed cost and marginal cost. Marginal cost is the cost to produce one more item, while the average fixed cost is the total cost divided by total production. These two are linked because marginal cost decreases as the average fixed cost also decrease. This is because fixed cost remains the same no matter the production output, so producing more units reduces the average fixed cost overall. Marginal cost also decreases because while the variable cost would go up, the total fixed and variable cost would be divided by more units, thus reducing marginal cost.  Ã‚   6. Explain why a firm's shut-down decision does not incorporate the fixed costs of the production facility. A firm usually chooses to shut down when revenues do not cover the variable costs associated with production. Fixed costs are not considered because they have to be paid regardless of whether the firm is producing anything or not. Just because a firm chooses to shut down does not mean that they will go out of business; they are just temporarily suspending production. If and when the firm decides to resume production, all of the fixed costs will carry on as normal. Because the marginal cost increases, some industries have upward-sloping long-run supply curves even they do not experience diminishing marginal returns. The law of diminishing marginal returns says that for each new worker that is introduced to the workplace, their overall output will be less than the employees already working there. Because a firm can only produce so much, if there are too many workers then this decreases the average output of each worker. Due to economies of scale, some firms that are monopolies can incr ease the supply of labor and will lessen total output in the long term. As a result, the supply curve slopes upward.  

Qualitative Article Review Essay Example for Free

Qualitative Article Review Essay Purpose The purpose of this article is to show that there is a correlation between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and to discuss ways to prevent teen pregnancy. The American Promise Alliance evaluated data on school districts that struggle with both poor school completion and high numbers of teen births. They identified 25 schools with the highest dropout and teen pregnancy rates. And they also evaluated school districts with high school completion rates and innovative pregnancy prevention programs to help students avoid early pregnancy and parenthood. The 25 persistently low achieving school districts account for twenty percent of all high school dropouts in the USA. Thirty percent of all teen girls that drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as the reason. Thirty four percent young women who were teen mothers did not earn a diploma or GED. Less than two percent of teen mothers attained a college degree by age 30. School districts with higher school completion rates recognized the correlation between teen pregnancy and school dropout; they initiated programs to address these two high priorities. School districts collaborated with organizations receiving federally funded teen pregnancy prevention grants, such as US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Office of Adolescent Health’s (OAH), and evidenced based Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program(TPP). Through their collaboration, grantees could use the funds in a variety of evidenced based models to meet the needs of their school, community and the age of the students being served. Description of Participants/Sample The participants in this study were all the teenagers in the USA. All USA students that attended public schools were a part of the data collection. School completion, pregnancy rate and dropout rate data was gathered from every public school in all the US school districts. Research Design/Data Analysis America’s Promise Alliance analyzed data from four reputable sources on teen pregnancy and dropout rates, and identified the school districts with the highest dropout rates. They also analyzed the data on teen birth rates or teen pregnancy rates from these school districts with high dropout rates. Method Diplomas Count 2011, Common Core of Data (CCD), VitalStats and Child Trend were the four sources of data information that was used to examine the number of dropouts and teen births within the 25 persistently lowest achieving school districts. Diplomas Count is a national report from Education Week and Editorial Projects in Education (EPE) Research Center, which provides graduation rates and graduation trends for all the public schools in the USA. Diplomas Count then identifies the 25 persistently lowest achieving school. Data on total school enrollment and enrollment by grade level was extracted from CCD. VitalStats and Child Trends provided data on teen birth rates and numbers. Results The data draws a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. The data shows the school districts that struggle with poor school completion and high numbers of teen births and how various school districts are tackling these issues. Opportunities for Further Research The America’s Promise Alliance needs to collect more data for evidence that teen pregnancy caused dropouts, rather than just being correlated with dropout rate. After the 25 identified school districts with the high dropout and teen pregnancy rate implemented pregnancy prevention, the Alliance could check back in a year with these school districts to see if the dropout rate changed. Threats to Validity The four sources cited in this study are all very reputable sources that are cited often in the field of education. But although the America’s Promise Alliance spent a lot of discussion regarding the link between dropout rates and teen pregnancy, and suggesting that combating teen pregnancy could lower dropout rates, they ended the article by saying â€Å"readers should note that this data is meant only to draw a parallel between high school dropouts and teen births. No quantitative analysis to examine the statistical significance of the association between these two issues was performed and, therefore, causality should not be inferred.† They spent most of the article talking about things (teen pregnancy and dropout rates) that only made sense if there was causation, and then at the end of the article they retracted this conclusion from the readers. Insight and Criticism Teens getting pregnant while still in school are more likely to drop out of school, but the data in this article does not prove this, but I think it made a strange correlation between the two. There may be other factors that make pregnancy and dropping out more likely. Implications of Findings Thirty percent of teen girls who drop out of school cite pregnancy or parenthood as their reason. The connection between teen pregnancy or teen parenthood and educational attainment is strong. All interested parties in the prospect of these teen parents and their children need to collaborate and develop strategies to reduce the risk of them dropping out of school. References Shuger, L. (2012). Teen pregnancy and High School Dropout: What Communities are Doing to Address These Issues. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned pregnancy and America’s Promise Alliance. Retrieved November 2012, from www.thenationalcampaign.org/resources//teen-preg-hs-dropout.pdf

Business strategy of Pakistani Ice cream company

Business strategy of Pakistani Ice cream company Established in Pakistan, Ice Age Ltd. Company established manufacturing and selling ice cream shop. This project will have significant implications in the situation today and the cumulative weight of the disease among youth and adults because of increased intake of fat and sugar because of the cumulative satisfactory corruption in ice cream and juice. Making all kinds of ice cream production will be done on site and then be transported to a salon that was established in the heart of the city. Ice Age Ltd. entering the UK market with the aim to launch products as customers needs in English. The company will follow the approach of the strategic position of the target market. Ice Age Ltd. have been deposited into the account of income and behavioral factors while designing a product for UK customers. It is important for companies to recognize the behavior of customers before entry into such markets. Business strategy Our business strategy will include the determination of the most lucrative product markets in a period of time to build himself a new product in this segment. The most important factor for the success of the Ice Age Ltd Brand is perception and how far can build a positive image in the minds of customers. The concentration of the business environment, continuing competitive advantage of quality products will provide powerful support for building the market. Important for us to adopt a different strategy for the Indian market because of high customer who will buy them both for their families. So, we will introduce several new strategies to build ourselves up in the Indian market and develop a strong customer base The Model used for preparing the marketing strategy by Ice Age Ltd.. in the UK Market Product Range External Analysis Competitors Analysis Internal Analysis Environment Analysis Marketing Strategies Future Plans Conclusion The first involves the growth vector will get a market-penetration with existing products Ice Age Ltd will strive to attract customers from competitors through strategic positioning and will build a strong brand equity. The growth vector will involve the expansion of the product during his stay in the market today. Ice Age Ltd and will be offering a new product. This will be addressed not only to existing markets but also for the price conscious segment. The third growth vector will perform the same product to new markets. The fourth is the growth vector for the diversification into new product markets. We will focus on the growth of both vector and study strategies related to the Ice Cream markets. Internal Analysis According to recent studies, most of the newly launched products or services fail because of incorrect analysis of internal and external requirements.   States should be the most effective and efficient management of all internal problems and needs. Because the internal analysis so use full life cycle and the price really depends on the analysis, the Ice Age Ltd. has taken appropriate and effective to fully analyze all the requirements and conditions of the company. During internal analysis the promoter should take care of the following things Raw material requirement Power supply Labour requirement Working force Capital Working capital Internal rules and regulations Proper management Proper material handling External Analysis Customer Analysis UK market with a broad size and demand base offers great opportunities for marketers. Two-thirds of the country the customer lives in rural areas and nearly half of national income is generated here. Only natural that rural markets are an integral part of the total UK market despite the Pakistani market increased dramatically. Rural Bazar booming beyond expectation of all people. This was mainly credited to the surge in the buying capacity of farmers are now enjoying the effect of increasing surplus of agricultural products. In addition, the induction is expected to be Rs 140 billion in the rural sector through the governments rural development schemes in the Seventh Plan and about Rs 300 billion during the Eighth Plan is also believed to have contributed to the rapid growth of demand. High income coupled with low cost of living in rural communities means more money to spend. And the market provides those choices, changing trends and tastes well. Be Ice Age Ltd. has decided to penetrate this market with the basic idea of pressing the middle class that has established itself as a market for big knocks in the perception of many national and multinational players then try to forage into the Indian market. Competitors Analysis NEED OF COMPARISION Customer Mindset Customer loyalty has always had a different status for different brands. Sometimes they buy a few signs for the price or sometimes because of the features. Learn the customer mindset is very important as the level of awareness of individual purchases of different brands of unpredictable and always changing. Market The market share of players in the automotive market, two wheels have to be studied to determine which company in the booming and companies which are in the process of closing. Also sharing in advertising and promotion should be studied. Thus, the market helps us to know the current market leaders and followers of the market so we can develop efficient marketing strategies for various products after analyzing the current position of market players. SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and his opponent a glimpse of the companys products. Should be compared to obtain the overall analysis of all major companies and to identify companies with better strength, more opportunities and on the other hand the company has more than weaknesses and threats The above diagram represents the sales of the famous Ice Cream parlors in UK and their sales before Ice Age entered the market This diagram represents the sales pattern of all the Ice Cream parlors in UK including Ice Age Ice Cream Parlor after one year from the launch of Ice Age Ltd (Estimated) Environment Analysis High initial cost of launching Costs associated with the launch of a new business or innovation in existing businesses. There are front ends large investments made in new products, including the cost of product development, market research, marketing and the most important test launching. To create awareness and develop brand new franchise to require very large initial expenditure required in the advertising launch, examples of free and promotional products. Launch costs as high as 50-100% of revenues in the first year and progressively reduce this cost as a sign of maturity, gain customer acceptance and revenue rose. For signs of sustained production of ads varies from 5 12% depending on the category. It is common to occasionally drive by re-launching, which involves repositioning the mark with a substantial marketing support. Market research Customers purchasing decisions based on the perception of the sign. They also continue to change with fashion, income and lifestyle changes. Unlike industrial products, it is difficult to differentiate products based on technical or functional reasons. With increasing competition, companies spend large amounts on the number of product launches. Market research and test marketing the inevitable. Business is located on two aspects of brand equity and distribution network. Marketing driven In relative terms, the marketing function has a greater interest in the Ice Cream. The players need to reach the mass population and compete with other brands. The difference is felt more than a real difference in the product. Brand equity Brand equity refers to intangible assets in the form of brand names. customer loyalty to particular brands is due to the perception that the product has a distinctively superior quality and consistent, satisfying his / her special needs and provide better value for money than other competitor brands. A sign of success to produce strong cash flow that allows brand owners to reinvest some of it in the form of aggressive advertising and promotion to strengthen the perceived benefits of the sign. The value of a mark created in customer demand at a particular indication or willingness to pay premium prices for signs of selection. Distribution network In this sector, one of the most significant success factor is the ability to build, develop, and maintain a strong distribution network. The availability of near customers is very important for the wider penetration of the product largely of high-value products. It took a very big effort to build a chain of stockists, retailers, distributors, etc., and build loyalty. There are entry barriers for new entrants as new products are usually slow moving and has a lower customer demand. Therefore dealers / retailers are reluctant to allocate resources and time. Established players use their power to block new entrants. However, when the product offers a powerful innovation, build equity faster as well as distribution networks. The main problem encountered while marketing in the UK market: a. The people retreated and left behind Market: Total population in poverty has not diminished in any way sufficient. So people are backward and backward until the market by and large the UK market characteristics. b. Many languages and dialects: Number of languages and dialects vary from country to country, region to region and from district to district as possible. The messages must be delivered in local languages and dialects. Although the number of languages that are only 16, which is estimated at around 850 dialects. c. Spreading false signs and seasonal demand: For every product there are many brands local variety, which is cheaper, and, therefore, is required for the masses. d. Different way of thinking: There is a big difference in peoples lifestyles. Brand choices that customers enjoy a different city from the choices available to rural customers. Rural customers usually have 2 or 3 signs to choose from, while the city has multiple choices. The difference is also in the way of thinking. Rural customers have a simple enough idea, compared with urban partners. Marketing Strategies The concept is to make a product different from competitors, or they. When we look at UK ice cream market, we see that the leader continues Naturals Maintained market leadership by continuously differentiate on the basis of a new taste. And comes with a connection in parallel with regular frequency. The only alternative for the Ice Age Ltd to survive in this industry is to differentiate itself. This differentiation could be on the basis of the marketing mix. (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) Thus, according to different factors of marketing mix four different strategies are made to develop the market in risk in the UK. Target Market Ice Age Ice Cream Health lounge offers a variety of sugar free ice cream and fat free. Ice cream made with special attention to health conscious people and young people and those suffering from diseases such as diabetes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ice Age is an exhibition of ice cream that health is the highest of the middle class and wealthy classes of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  For various special flavor and sugar free and fat-free is the Ice Age of Ice more popular among people concerned about health and fitness.   Ã‚  Ice Age targets markets where people are willing to buy junk food for healthy appetite and the fact that the Ice Age ice-free completely free of fat and sugar to taste the same original. Ice Age and Ice is a market where people from the age of 1 year to 80 years can enjoy their favorite ice cream, bearing in mind those who are health conscious, diabetics, young, etc. Segmentation Segmentation variables   Several variables distinguish clients who prefer a variety of Desserts, such as frequency of consumption, price sensitivity, the relative importance of calories vs. taste, taking advantage (at home, at work, at a social event, for recreation or in a restaurant), and the size of the required to serve. Two of the most important variable is the price sensitivity and tradeoff might taste-calorie. The reason that the price sensitivity is very important is that some customers will pay higher prices for high quality products. Therefore, someone may be able to make great margins selling into that market. On the other hand, there is a large market that will not buy desserts that price is too high, so some manufacturers will want to provide a frozen dessert, the price may be somewhat sacrificed quality. Customers now tend to be more health conscious, and therefore many will want to restrict the number of calories they consume desserts. On the other hand, the desserts are consumed for pleasure, and other customers do not want to sacrifice taste provided by a calorie-rich desserts. There are also certain people who have a high metabolism or engaged in heavy activity, leaving them with little to worry about weight. Frequent or heavy consumers of frozen desserts will target large, but this group is not easily identified and reached, the customer is not likely to have different media ha bits or to certain shops often, for example. Serving size preference is an important issue, but is aimed at a few things by the price sensitivity. The concept is to make the product different from those of its competitor. When we look at the UK Ice Cream market we see that the leaders naturals have constantly maintained its market leadership by constantly differentiating on the basis of new flavors. And coming up with line extensions with regular frequency. The only alternative for Ice Age Ltd. to survive in this industry will be to distinguish itself. This differentiation could be on the basis of the marketing mix. (Product, Price, Promotion, Place) Thus, as per the different factors of marketing mix 4 Different strategies are made to market in the developing metropolis in UK. Target Market Ice Age the healthy ice cream parlor offers a broad range of sugar free and fat free ice creams. The ice creams are specially made keeping in mind all the health conscious people as well as youth and people who suffer from illness like diabetes. Ice Age is a healthy ice cream parlor which targets the higher middle class and rich class of the society. Due to the variety of flavors and the specialty of being sugar free and fat free makes the Ice Age Ice Creams more popular among the fitness and health conscious people. Ice Age targets the market where people are ready to buy healthy junk food due to their taste buds and the fact that Ice Age Ice Creams are completely fat free and sugar free with the same original taste. Hence Ice Age Ice Creams targets the market where people from age group 1 year to 80 years can enjoy their favorite ice cream keeping in mind health conscious people, diabetic people, young people, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Segmentation Segmentation variables   Several variables distinguish clients who prefer a variety of Desserts, such as frequency of consumption, price sensitivity, the relative importance of calories vs. taste, taking advantage (at home, at work, at a social event, for recreation or in a restaurant), and the size of the required to serve. Two of the most important variable is the price sensitivity and tradeoff might taste-calorie. The reason that the price sensitivity is very important is that some customers will pay higher prices for high quality products. Therefore, someone may be able to make great margins selling into that market. On the other hand, there is a large market that will not buy desserts that price is too high, so some manufacturers will want to provide a frozen dessert, the price may be somewhat sacrificed quality. Customers now tend to be more health conscious, and therefore many will want to restrict the number of calories they consume desserts. On the other hand, the desserts are consumed for pleasure, and other customers do not want to sacrifice taste provided by a calorie-rich desserts. There are also certain people who have a high metabolism or engaged in heavy activity, leaving them with little to worry about weight. Frequent or heavy consumers of frozen desserts will target large, but this group is not easily identified and reached, the customer is not likely to have different media ha bits or to certain shops often, for example. Serving size preference is an important issue, but is aimed at a few things by the price sensitivity S.W.O.T Analysis Strengths: Less fixed cost required Healthy No side effects Less consumption of sugar Less consumption of fats Reduces chances of illness like diabetes Useful for health conscious people Tasty with health Variety Eco-friendly Weaknesses: Slightly high in price due to use of special products Opportunities: Introduction of new flavors Easy in achieving break even point Prices can be reduced in short run Threats: Lot of competition from existing Ice Cream parlors offering sugar free ice creams

eamwork: Pros and Cons :: essays research papers fc

Teamwork: Pros and Cons There are several types of teams and reasons for forming them. There are academic teams, consisting of a group of students in a learning environment, whose purpose would be to reach a common goal such as a class project. Teams in the workplace could consist of a group of administrators or employees whose purpose could range from deciding on what type of food to serve at a company picnic, to laying out plans for better customer care. â€Å"Advantages of group work, as opposed to individual work, include producing a better end result, providing satisfaction for the individual and the organization, and assisting the organization through coordination and work allocation† (Marsh, 1988). Some things I’ve learned in the past about why we form teams are to help an individual understand different points of view on any given topic, to help prepare for a career where teamwork is essential, and learning to become a leader, as well as a follower. Some economical and social benefits from forming teams, as stated by Kircshner and Van Bruggen (2004) in an article about virtual teams and the adult learner, â€Å"There are, among others, economical motivations such as bringing one learning module to a larger audience of learners, and pragmatic reasons such as achieving flexibility in time and space for learning, which is especially important for adult learners.† Another social benefit from working in teams is that you learn more about the personalities and work ethics of your peers. â€Å"Disadvantages of group work include producing a poorer end result, producing eccentric behavior, developing pressure for change, becoming permanent, helping management evade responsibilities, and the time and energy needed to become efficient† (Marsh, 1988). Some problems I have ran into personally with virtual teams, like the ones here at the University of Phoenix on-line campus, are timing issues (i.

Maxine Tynes’ poem “Reach out and Touch” Essay

With Maxine Tynes’ poem Reach out and Touch, the title suggests that the poem literally is about a person reaching out and touching objects or people. Tynes suggests that the more mature generation should reach out and help others more often, and maybe touching someone’s heart should be all worth it. The first 6 lines of Tynes’ poem, describes how the curiosity of a child. Line number 6 â€Å"to see if it comes off† proves that the child’s intentions were purely curiosity. The use of â€Å"electric† in line 3 was a very descriptive and vivid word to describe the poet’s bouncing curls. The author used these specific worlds and quotes to tell us that we should learn the innocents of a child and reach out to learn about the people around you. Without the â€Å"reaching out and touching†(2 & 3) part, the child wouldn’t have known that the person’s curly hair was electrifying (great curls). From lines 7 to 11, the mother, fear of bothering the person sitting in front of them, slapped the child’s hands away. With line 9 â€Å"hush-up of your questions† the poet is trying to make an analogy, as if â€Å"slapping hands away† (8) is what adults usually do. They don’t want their children to meddle into other people’s business, and in order to do that, we must not reach out to others. â€Å"What if reaching out in turn could cause the children pain†, is usually what the parents are thinking about. But children are too naà ¯ve to think that way. In line 11 â€Å"why it doesn’t come off† proves this innocence. The remaining lines of the poem started out with poet’s attitude shifting towards sympathetic/empathetic, when they were playful and unaware of the characters to begin with. The shift starts on line 13 with the word â€Å"but..† which indicated the child was upset from not able to cure their curiosity or the poet was trying to suggest was that the child was upset from not letting their caring personality portray through. â€Å"..in the fear that mother love wraps you in† is when the poet uses personification to show us that though mother love helps us grow, reaching out amongst friends is also a good thing. The title Reach out and Touch has a meaning beyond the literal. It is about reaching out to those of need and touch their hearts. With such a short  poem, Maxine Tynes was able to effectively illustrate the importance of reaching out and touching lives of other people. Whether it is a lovable hug or just a word of friendly advice, this type of reaching out could be the key to a better world. The message the poet was trying to portray was to tell readers that socialize with an open-heart, and you will be amazed how someone’s actions can touch your heart. By using subtle words of play, for example words like â€Å"magic,† â€Å"warm,† and â€Å"okay,† Maxine Tynes was able to portray just that.

Hogarth essays

Voltaire/Hogarth essays Voltaire ranks as one of the most well-known satirists in the history of literature. Many of his comments are as apt today as they were over three hundred years ago when originally written. His play, Candide, is one of the best examples of this literary technique. It includes many double entendres about the Catholic church, government and government officials, women and science that invite laughter, but also serious thought as to the impact these institutions have on everyday life. Or, as it is often said, The truth is said in jest. Candide, a naive young man living in the castle of the Baron of Thunder-Ten-Tronckh in Westphalia, is found kissing the Baron's daughter, Cungonde, and exiled from the castle. He heads off for a series of mysterious and often horrible adventures around the world in a search for Cungonde that eventually leads him to self understanding. One of the ways that satire is used is to exaggerate just enough that it is believable, which is a technique that Voltaire uses early on during Candides adventures when escaping from the Bulgarian Army. This took place while both kings were having Te Deums sung, each in his own camp. When fleeing Candide has to walk over piles of dead and dying soldiers. He looks for help in a local town and found that it had burned down, along with the inhabitants-men and women alike. The narration makes the horror on the verge of humorous by reporting it without emotion or concern. However, this is the way that Candide went through life for so many years, always looking for the good and accepting the bad. What person could take what Candide endured over this work-such beatings and torture. Of course, the largest irony of all is that after all this Candide is not happy to reach his goal Let us work without reasoning...it is the only way to make life endurable. War was only one area that received Voltaires satirical narr...